RF EMF effects on lab animals

Bioelectromagnetics: Low-intensity microwave exposure increases single-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells.
International Journal of Toxicology: Chronic low-intensity 900 to 2450 MHz microwave exposure correlated with DNA damage in rat brains, declined cognitive function, and elevated heat specific proteins.
National Toxicology Program (U.S.): Unequivocal evidence of heart cancer from GSM-modulated cell phone RFR at 900 MHz in male lab rats after 2 year exposure. Equivocal associations also found between RFR exposure and malignant (and non-malignant) tumors of the brain, adrenal gland, prostate gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas.
National Toxicology Program (U.S.): Equivocal evidence found after two years of exposure to GSM-modulated cell phone RFR at 1.8 GHz in lab mice, which was significantly associated with lymphoma and liver cancer.
US Food and Drug Administration: US food and drug officials dismiss the “clear evidence” of carcinogenic activity in rodents exposed to RF EMF that was identified by the US National Toxicology Program.
Bioelectromagnetics: Increased DNA single- and double-strand breaks in rat brain cells is associated with acute exposure to pulsed 2450-MHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation at 2 mW/cm². Melatonin appears to block this damage.
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics: Low-intensity microwave radiation (900 MHz and 1800 MHz, 30 days, 2 hours/day, 5 days/week, 0.5953 and 0.5835 mW/kg.) correlates with learning and memory disturbances by altering rat brain chemistry.
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy: DNA damage in rat testes associated with long-term exposure to 2.4 GHz RF radiation from Wi-Fi.
Neurotoxicology: Low intensity microwave radiation at 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz induces oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain via frequency-dependent effects.
International Journal of Radiation Biology: Acute exposure to EMF at 2450-MHz causes single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells, that occurred 4 hours after exposure.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Malaysian Nuclear Agency: 2.45 GHz microwave radiation kills rat brain cells, and causes weight gain proportional to exposure.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology: Oxidative stress due to 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz microwave exposure associated with cognitive impairment and inflammation in rat brain.
Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine: Long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz RF emitted from Wi-Fi (2420 μW/kg, 1 g average) affects some of the reproductive parameters of male rats. We suggest Wi-Fi users avoid long-term exposure to RF emissions from Wi-Fi equipment.
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics: Significantly reduced numbers of immature eggs found in the ovaries in the offspring of pregnant rats kept in polypropylene cages with mobile phones placed beneath the cage during their entire pregnancy. Exposure was 11.75 hours in standby mode, followed by 15 minutes in talk mode.
Urological Research: Rats confined in plexiglas cages with cellular phone 0.5 cm under the cages, were exposed 2 hours/day for 1 month, 0.14 W/kg. Microscopic evaluation revealed significant changes in the testes of rats testes exposed to cell phones in speech mode.
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis: Non-thermal radio-frequency electromagnetic fields used in mobile phones cause DNA breakage in human and rat cells.
Journal of Laryngology and Otology: Inner ear cellular structural damage in rats caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during development.
International Forum on Allergy and Rhinology: Rats exposed to 2100 MHz had damaged nasal mucus membrane with decreased self clearing mechanisms
Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine: 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation increases carbonyl protein in rat brains.
International Journal of Radiation Biology: EMF frequencies of 900 and 2100 MHz have differing effects on proteins in the hippocampus of Wistar rats.
International Journal of Radiation Biology: Prenatal exposure of rat kidneys to 900 MHz EMF resulted in increased total kidney volume and decreased the numbers of glomeruli. Melatonin and omega-3 prevented adverse effects of EMF on the kidneys.
Bioelectromagnetics: 915 MHz cell phone radiation affects expression of genes in rat brain cells.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology: A significant decrease in total sperm count along with increased cell death in male rats exposed to RF EMF (2 hours/day, 35 days, 0.9 W/kg). Decrease in sperm count and an increase in apoptosis may be causative factor due to mobile radiation exposure leading to infertility.
Bratislava Medical Journal (Russian): One hour per day exposure to a 900 MHz cell phone, with a power density of 146.60 µW/cm², induced oxidative stress in rat brains, resulting in altered behavioral performance.
Radiation Biology Ecology (Russian): Based on biological effects observed in rats exposed to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz, a power density of 25 µW/cm² (or 250 mW/m²) is recommended as the threshold for observable radio-frequency biological impacts. (FFF Editor’s Note: By comparison the US safety standard allows a 40-fold higher exposure, i.e., 10 W/m²).
Radiation Biology Ecology (Russian): Exposure of rats to low-intensity 900 MHz frequency electromagnetic fields cause changes in their energetic metabolism, regardless of whether the exposure was for 2 hours, or a fraction of 2 hours.
Reproductive Health: Non-thermal RF-EMF (900 MHz, 0.66 W/kg, 2 hours/day, for 50 days) triggers death of rat sperm, resulting in male infertility.
Pathophysiology: Rat blood-brain barrier has increased permeability at 7 and 14 days after 2 hours of exposure to non-thermal radiation from 900 MHz cell phones.
Journal of Advanced Research: Adverse effect of non-thermal RF EMF exposure (900 MHz, at 0.025 mW/cm², 1 hour/day, for 1 month) was observed in the physiology of rat brains. REM sleep was significantly delayed, based on EEG measurements.
PLOS One: Chronic low-intensity exposure of rats to RF-EMF (900 MHz, 1 V.m⁻¹) for five weeks was associated with a shift in thermal preference towards 1.6 degree C warmer ambient temperature, and a greater total sleep time, based on EEG readings.
Journal of Pineal Research: 60-Hz magnetic fields induced single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells, which can be mitigated by injecting melatonin or PBN, since both efficiently scavenge free radicals induced by 60-Hz EMF.
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry: Brains of 2 week old mice are very sensitive to 10 GHz microwave exposure, causing impairment to spatial memory, enzyme activity, and histopathology.
International Journal of Radiation Biology: Exposure to 10 GHz microwave radiation decreased the ability of mice to learn, which coincided with decreased protein levels in the brain.
Toxicological Sciences – Society of Toxicology: Short and long-term 2.45 GHz microwave exposure causes neuronal/nonneuronal apoptosis associated with spatial memory loss in mice.
Toxicological Sciences – Society of Toxicology: 2.45-GHz microwave radiation suppresses signaling mechanisms of hippocampal memory formation in mice.
Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences: Chronic radiation at 900 to 950 MHz decreased seizure thresholds in mice significantly. Continued and prolonged contact with mobile phone radiation might increase human risk of seizure attacks and should be limited.
Scientific Reports: First experimental evidence (in mice) of neuropathology due to in-utero cellular telephone radiation.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: Four week exposure to 1.8 GHz RF EMF in adolescent male mice correlates with increased anxiety, based on significant decreases after RF exposure of γ-aminobutyric acid and aspartic acid in the brain.
Radiation Research: Genetically cancer-prone lab mice had 2.4 times the cancer rate of unexposed mice, after being exposed (900 MHz; pulse repetition frequency 217 Hz; 2.6-13 W/m²; 0.008-4.2 W/kg, averaging 0.13-1.4 W/kg).
International Journal of Andrology: Significant genotoxic effect on epididymal spermatozoa (i.e., sperm after development in testes) in mice exposed to low power RF EMF (900 MHz; 90 mW/kg – i.e., non-thermal exposure; 12 hours/day; for 7 days).
Pathophysiology: Short-term memory in mice is affected by mobile phone radiation.
Medical Science Monitor Basic Research: Acute exposure to electromagnetic waves correlates with epileptic seizures in mice.
Scientific Reports: Electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz and 4.0 W/kg induced demyelination, hyperactivity, and autophagy in mice – demyelination commonly results in multiple sclerosis. Note the FCC limit for cell phone radiation is 1.6 W/kg.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Postpartum death rate for lab mice exposed to an MRI at days 9 and 12 after gestation increased from 8% to 38%. Sperm production reduced up to 44% in adult mice exposed to MRI on day 12 after gestation.
PLOS One: Exposure to RF EMF (835 MHZ, at 4.0 W/kg SAR, for 5 h daily) significantly reduced neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex in the brains of lab mice.
Journal of Radiation Research: After in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz radiation, male mouse offspring demonstrated decreased learning and memory, while females were not affected in learning and memory, suggesting that microwave exposure produces gender-dependent effects.
Scientific Reports: First direct evidence for neurological effects of RF-EMF exposure (835-MHz; 4.0 W/kg SAR; 5 h daily for 12 weeks), including changes in neurotransmitter levels in the mouse brain and in the level of difficulty of locomotor recovery after MPTP treatment.
Scientific Reports: Development of mouse embryonic neural stem cells were impaired by exposure to RF-EMF (1800 MHz; 4 W/kg; 3 day exposure). Results identify a potentially hazardous effect of RF-EMF exposure on brain development at lower intensities over longer exposure times. More attention should be given to the potential adverse effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain development.